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The word "von" in German means "of" in English. This is basically referring to the house of which a person belongs. Translated properly, his name reads Ludwig of Beethoven house. In English, these 'house names' are referred to as last or surnames. The connecting words are dropped for fluency in our language. I'm about 85% certain that "van" is just "von" conjugated differently.
EDIT: I've just wiki'd some info and I found that "von" was used only by the nobility at that time. So I am now certain that when he became famous, he changed his name from a commoner's to a nobleman's by the simple change of a letter.