Microphones and speakers are using the exact same principle, just reversed :p. When sound waves affect the membrane of a speaker, it is set in motion, and it generates electrical impulses that can be recorded if it is plugged into the microphone plug, just like a microphone does.
The main difference is that microphones are usually much more sensitive than speakers, so using a microphone as a speaker will almost certainly destroy it, and using a speaker as a mic will result in very low volume recordings.





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