It's hard to tell what the initial direction used was, I guess it differed from place to place depending on their beliefs, customs and directions they find sacred. For example, one site explains the Arabic choice:
They put south at the top. This is because when you wake up and face the sun, south is on the right. Because of positive associations with the right as opposed to left, they put that on top.
Yemen is so named because it is on the "yamin" right of Arabia. And of course, with the sea to the south of them there was nothing "on top" of the country, so they prefered it that way. Europeans learnt mapmaking from the Arabians and flipped the map to make themselves on top.
And then apparently in Medieval Europe:
Jerusalem was on top because that was the Holy Land.
This meant that east was more or less at the top.
There are some more details on different directional choices by different cultures here.
I just found that one site with Google, if you want even more, try Googling some sections of the things that I have quoted, they might lead you to more sites who have also quoted that author. Goodluck!
I'd explain it in my own words, but this guys says it much better:
To reach Understanding and Wisdom you must philosophize a bit.According to Russell Ackoff, a systems theorist and professor of organizational change, the content of the human mind can be classified into five categories:
Data: symbols
Information: data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions
Knowledge: application of data and information; answers "how" questions
Understanding: appreciation of "why"
Wisdom: evaluated understanding.
Ackoff indicates that the first four categories relate to the past; they deal with what has been or what is known. Only the fifth category, wisdom, deals with the future because it incorporates vision and design. With wisdom, people can create the future rather than just grasp the present and past. But achieving wisdom isn't easy; people must move successively through the other categories.
Thanks for all of the info, Timekeeper :</>D!
Yeah, Timekeeper. Thanks for all of the information!
ITT: Thinkrage
No worries guys, it's fun learning all this stuff and then passing it on
Born, lived, died in Egypt.
He was a Roman citizen of the Roman Empire.
The name Ptolemy is of Greek descent, and Ptolemy wrote in Ancient Greek.
"Although a Roman citizen, most scholars have concluded that ethnically, Ptolemy was a Greek, while some suggest that he was ethnically an Egyptian, though Hellenized (that of Greek culture)"
So yea take your pick...
I'd say he's Roman by association, Egyptian by location and Greek by culture.
You are right, it's a bad habit to get into. I was purely using it as a source in this case, as I found it summed up the other sites I had been reading better than I could. None the less I should be ashamed, my Ancient teacher would be furious!
Who deems it worthy? I'd say an expert on the subject; someone who has put a good deal of thought into it.
If you keep going North, sooner or later, you'll start going South.
Not if I'm rotating the reference axes, I won't.