With the obvious exceptions of Cait Sith No. 1 and Cait Sith No. 2, robots do not seem to directly utilize materia. Materia is, ultimately, crystalized Spirit Energy, and the fact that robots, as manufactured, inorganic creations, do not have Spirit Energy would seem to preclude such use. While Cait Sith would seem to be an exception, one must remember what the starter manual to FFVII suggests.
Cait Sith rides around on the back of a huge stuffed Mog he magically brought to life.
Not only does this suggest that Cait Sith's origins were different than those of other robots, we must remember that almost every robotic enemy encountered in the game seems to operate via artificial intelligence. Cait Sith is Reeve's vicarious battle incarnation, and as such the ability to use materia is probably derivative of his Spirit Energy.
It's very likely that Mako-related technology could have been employed, but robotics in general probably doesn't use materia.