I would check the BIOS chip is seated correctly on the motherboard, and the CMOS battery isn't dead
I assume the manufacturer logo screen you see now is the BIOS's default "quiet" boot which got set when you said it loaded default values, hence why you see it on every boot now - I presume what looked like you getting thrown to that was Windows bluescreening, except you had Automatically Reboot so you didn't see the blue screen, it just rebooted, and due to earlier change in settings, it looked like it went straight to that logo. If you're no longer getting the other problems, just seeing this screen, then I'd guess everything's mostly back to normal - you just have to go into the BIOS to disable that screen again
Memtest might be a good thing to try too to make sure it's not bad memory that caused the earlier problems