Breastfeeding
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Data Search Directions
Summary of Findings
The target research group consists of African American mothers of reproductive age who breastfeed their children and lack of information about their health promotion in the post-breastfeeding period. Most group members are from low and low-middle class and reside in urban areas.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2015, only 66% of African American females in the USA were breastfeeding their children for at least 6 month postpartum (Johnson, Kirk, Rooks, & Muzik, 2016, p.93). This index is extremely low compared to 82.4% of breastfeeding Hispanic American mothers and 83% of white American mothers (Johnson et al., 2016, p.93). This huge racial disparity is a warning signal for the U.S. Department of Health. Large-scale and efficient breastfeeding promotion programs should be developed with the aim to:
1) provide access to postpartum breastfeeding support;
2) reduce the average infant death toll in the racial research group;
3) promote maternal health in the research group.
Breastfeeding barriers for the research group.
“Passive” and “active” barriers are the most widespread reason preventing African American women from breastfeeding infants. These barriers include non-recognition of the efficient influence of breastfeeding on both child and maternal health, ignorance of the importance of breastfeeding, few consultations and little information about breastfeeding efficiency, attitudes and practices provided by physicians and pediatricians. Lifestyle preferences such as smoking and alcohol also prevent breastfeeding. Furthermore, many African American women give birth to children at a very young age, lacking family support, marital status and life experience. Furthermore, employers tend to limit the rights of poor African American women to breastfeed their children. They usually have to return to work within a month or two after childbirth, which is a hidden racist attitude. The Affordable Care Act of 2010 permitted employers to restrict African American mothers’ break time and accommodations for pumping and breastfeeding (Johnson et al., 2016, p. 95). Thus, breastfeeding illiteracy, low-quality medical services and poverty are the main barriers to breastfeeding within the target research group.
Positive influence of breastfeeding on maternal health.
Improper medical care is not the only cause of adverse health outcomes for African American females. During pregnancy, they should be informed of numerous advantages of breastfeeding for their health status. First of all, breastfeeding will help to decrease obesity and cardiovascular diseases rates among African American women as “Women who breastfeed exclusively are more likely to lose weight postpartum than women who breastfeed nonexclusively and formula-feed” (Jones, Power, Queenan, & Schulkin, 2015, p.188).
Secondly, breastfeeding reduces breast cancer rate among different racial groups, including African Americans. According to Fletcher, Fletcher, & Fletcher (2014), the incidence of breast cancer increases with age, from approximately 1 in 100,000/year at the age of 20 to 1 in 200/year over the age of 71 years (p.171). The research group members are afflicted with breast cancer more frequently than other racial groups, Therefore, they have to take care of breast cancer prevention in advance. Thirdly, breastfeeding will help to decrease type 2 diabetes rate among African American females. Diabetic females tend to suffer from obesity. Their breastfeeding will help to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes at old age. Finally, long-term breastfeeding practices will help to reduce unintended pregnancies ratio among African American females. According to Jones et al. (2015), regular breastfeeding is likely to “reduce fertility by inducing amenorrhea, thus delaying ovulation and increasing the interval between offspring” (p.189). Consequently, breastfeeding is one of basic long-tern factors improving female health.
Conclusion
The research shows that breastfeeding has numerous advantages for African American women, improving their health status for a long time. Lifestyle preferences, medical illiteracy, poverty and lack of access to high-quality medical services are the main barriers reducing breastfeeding within the target research group. The U.S. Department of Health should develop special-purpose breastfeeding promotion programs in order to liquidate the abovementioned racial disparity.
Data Search Directions
Summary of Findings
The target research group consists of African American mothers of reproductive age who breastfeed their children and lack of information about their health promotion in the post-breastfeeding period. Most group members are from low and low-middle class and reside in urban areas.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2015, only 66% of African American females in the USA were breastfeeding their children for at least 6 month postpartum (Johnson, Kirk, Rooks, & Muzik, 2016, p.93). This index is extremely low compared to 82.4% of breastfeeding Hispanic American mothers and 83% of white American mothers (Johnson et al., 2016, p.93). This huge racial disparity is a warning signal for the U.S. Department of Health. Large-scale and efficient breastfeeding promotion programs should be developed with the aim to:
1) provide access to postpartum breastfeeding support;
2) reduce the average infant death toll in the racial research group;
3) promote maternal health in the research group.
Breastfeeding barriers for the research group.
“Passive” and “active” barriers are the most widespread reason preventing African American women from breastfeeding infants. These barriers include non-recognition of the efficient influence of breastfeeding on both child and maternal health, ignorance of the importance of breastfeeding, few consultations and little information about breastfeeding efficiency, attitudes and practices provided by physicians and pediatricians. Lifestyle preferences such as smoking and alcohol also prevent breastfeeding. Furthermore, many African American women give birth to children at a very young age, lacking family support, marital status and life experience. Furthermore, employers tend to limit the rights of poor African American women to breastfeed their children. They usually have to return to work within a month or two after childbirth, which is a hidden racist attitude. The Affordable Care Act of 2010 permitted employers to restrict African American mothers’ break time and accommodations for pumping and breastfeeding (Johnson et al., 2016, p. 95). Thus, breastfeeding illiteracy, low-quality medical services and poverty are the main barriers to breastfeeding within the target research group.
Positive influence of breastfeeding on maternal health.
Improper medical care is not the only cause of adverse health outcomes for African American females. During pregnancy, they should be informed of numerous advantages of breastfeeding for their health status. First of all, breastfeeding will help to decrease obesity and cardiovascular diseases rates among African American women as “Women who breastfeed exclusively are more likely to lose weight postpartum than women who breastfeed nonexclusively and formula-feed” (Jones, Power, Queenan, & Schulkin, 2015, p.188).
Secondly, breastfeeding reduces breast cancer rate among different racial groups, including African Americans. According to Fletcher, Fletcher, & Fletcher (2014), the incidence of breast cancer increases with age, from approximately 1 in 100,000/year at the age of 20 to 1 in 200/year over the age of 71 years (p.171). The research group members are afflicted with breast cancer more frequently than other racial groups, Therefore, they have to take care of breast cancer prevention in advance. Thirdly, breastfeeding will help to decrease type 2 diabetes rate among African American females. Diabetic females tend to suffer from obesity. Their breastfeeding will help to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes at old age. Finally, long-term breastfeeding practices will help to reduce unintended pregnancies ratio among African American females. According to Jones et al. (2015), regular breastfeeding is likely to “reduce fertility by inducing amenorrhea, thus delaying ovulation and increasing the interval between offspring” (p.189). Consequently, breastfeeding is one of basic long-tern factors improving female health.
Conclusion
The research shows that breastfeeding has numerous advantages for African American women, improving their health status for a long time. Lifestyle preferences, medical illiteracy, poverty and lack of access to high-quality medical services are the main barriers reducing breastfeeding within the target research group. The U.S. Department of Health should develop special-purpose breastfeeding promotion programs in order to liquidate the abovementioned racial disparity.
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